SOCIAL SCIENCE (GSEB)
STANDARD-10 (CHAPTER-4)
BHARAT NO SAHITYIK VARASO
(પ્રકરણઃ4 ભારતનો સાહિત્યિક વારસો)
LITERARY HARITAGE OF INDIA
(EXAM-GUN BHAR: 04 MARKS)
(03-MARKS -1 QUESTION -MUDDASAR UTTAR AAPO)
(01-MARKS -1 QUESTION -HETU LAKSHI PRASHNA)
(પ્રકરણનો વિડીયો જોવા માટે જે તે ભાગનાં ફોટા પર ક્લિક કરો)
LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
IF WE QUICKLY LOOK AT THE HISTORY,WE CAN SEE AN EMERGENCE OF VARIETY OF LANGUAGES SINCE CENTURIES.THESE LANGUAGES INFLUENCED ONE ANOTHER AND IT RESULTED IN DEVELOPMENT OF LITERATURE.AS A RESULT,SOME NEW LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE HAVE DEVELOPED AND FLOURISHED.WHILE RELIGIOUS LITERATURE IN ANCIENT INDIA WAS THE WORK OF LEARNED BRAHMANS AND ASCETICS RELIGIOUS ART WAS THE WORK OF EXPERT CRAFTSMAN.
GENERALLY,LANGUAGE PROVIDES OPPORTUNITY FOR THE HUMAN FOR BETTER EXPRESSION AND UNDERSTANDING.INDIA’S MOST ANCIENT SCRIPT IS THAT OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION,WHICH HAS NOT BEEN DECIPHERED AND SO WE HAVE NOT OBTAINED MUCH INFORMATION ABOUT THEIR LANGUAGE.THE EARLIEST FORM OF SANSKRIT IS FOUND IN THE RIG VEDA.AFTER THE RIG VEDA WAS COMPOSED,SANSKRIT LANGUAGE DEVELOPED RAPIDLY.THE GRAMMAR BECOME CONSIDERABLY SIMPLIFIED THOUGH STILL REMAINING COMPLEX.
MAHARSHI PANINI WAS A GREAT SANSKRIT GRAMMARIAN.THE MOST IMPORTANT BOOK OF THIS TIME IS MAHARSHI PANINI’S ‘ASHTADHYAYI’ WHICH IS A NOTEWORTHY BOOK OF SANSKRIT GRAMMAR OF 4th CENTURY.SANSKRIT IS CONSIDERED THE LANGUAGE OF ‘ARYANS’ LANGUAGE OF SAGES OR LANGUAGE SCHOLARS.SIDE BY SIDE THE SOUNDS OF SANSKRIT WERE ANALYSED WAS IMPROVEMENT ONLY IN ITS VOCABULARY.
ANCIENT INDIAN LITERTURE (PRACHIN SAHITYA)
VEDAS:
INDIAN ANCIENT LITERATURE BEGINS WITH THE VEDIC LITERATURE. AND THE NUMBER OF VEDAS IS FOUR.WHICH WE KNOW AS ANCIENT VEDIC LITERATURE.THE VEDAS ARE THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS WHICH INFORM THE RELIGION OF HINDUISM.THE TERM ‘VEDA’ MEANS “KNOWLEDGE” IN THAT THEY ARE THOUGHT TO CONTAIN THE FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE RELATING TO THE UNDERLYING CAUSE OF,FUNCTION OF,AND PERSONAL RESPONSE TO EXISTENSE.
RIG VEDA:
|
RIG VEDA
|
|
|
ORDER OF
VEDA |
FIRST(MOST ANCIENT BOOK OF INDIA)
|
|
DIVISIONS
|
10
|
|
HYMNS(SUKTAS)
|
VERSES (RUCHA)
|
|
VERSES
(RUCHA) |
1028
|
|
SUBJECT
|
PRAYERS OF GOD
|
|
TIME
|
VEDIC
PERIOD(1700-1100 BC) |
|
LANGUAGE
|
SANSKRIT
|
|
RELIGION
|
HINDUISM
|
SAMVEDA:
|
SAM VEDA
|
|
|
ORDER OF
VEDA |
SECOND
|
|
CHAPTERS
|
6
|
|
VERSES
(RUCHA) |
1875 (MANTRA)
|
|
SUBJECT
|
VEDA
OF MELODIES |
|
TIME
|
VEDIC PERIOD(1200-1000 BC)
|
|
LANGUAGE
|
VEDIC SANSKRIT
|
|
RELIGION
|
HINDUISM
|
|
NICK NAME
|
VEDA
OF MUSIC |
YAJURVEDA:
|
YAJURVEDA
|
|
|
ORDER OF VEDA
|
THIRD
|
|
CHAPTERS
|
40
ADHYAYAS |
|
VERSES (RUCHA)
|
1975 (MANTRA)
|
|
SUBJECT
|
WORSHIP
RITUALS |
|
TIME
|
VEDIC PERIOD(1200-800 BC)
|
|
LANGUAGE
|
VEDIC SANSKRIT
|
|
RELIGION
|
HINDUISM
|
|
PART
|
TWO
1.SHUKLA
YAJURVEDA 2.KRISHNA YAJURVEDA |
ATHARVAVEDA:
|
ATHARVAVEDA
|
|
|
ORDER OF
VEDA |
FOURTH
|
|
CHAPTERS
|
20
|
|
VERSES
(RUCHA) |
5977(MANTRA)
|
|
SUBJECT
|
RITUALS
AND SACRAMENTS |
|
TIME
|
VEDIC PERIOD(1000-900 BC)
|
|
LANGUAGE
|
VEDIC SANSKRIT
|
|
RELIGION
|
HINDUISM
|
UPANISHAD:
THE UPANISHADIC LITERATURE GIVES US A VIVID DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE,THE MYSTERIES OF LIFE AND DEATH,MATERIALISTIC AND SPIRITUAL WORLD ETC.THEY ARE 108 IN ALL AS MENTIONED IN MULTIKO UPANISHAD.
BRAHMANICAL LITERATURE:
MANY BRAHMNICAL EPIC WERE COMPOSED TO UNDERSTAND THE MEANING OF VEDIC LITERATURE.ANY CRITICAL APPRECIATION BASED ON VEDAS,COMPOSED IN THE POETIC FORM ARE INCLUDED IN BRAHMANICAL LITERATURE.
ARANYAKAS:
ARYANS USED TO SPEND THEIR LAST PHASE OF LIFE IN ARANYAKAS,MAKING THEIR ASHRAMS IN ARANYAKAS?FOREST.THEY COMPOSED LITERATURE BASED PHILOSOPHY,WHICH WAS THE RESULT OF THEIR DEEP THINKING.IT IS KNOWN AS ‘ARANYAKAS’.
INDIAN ANCIENT MAHAKAVYA:
THE ‘RAMAYANA’ AND THE ‘MAHABHARATA’ ARE TWO GREAT INDIAN EPICS.THE PRESENT FORM OF THESE EPICS CAN BE TRACED BACK TO THE SECOND CENTURY.THE ‘RAMAYANA’ HAS THE STORY OF RAMCHANDRA,THE KING OF AYODHYA.
THE MAHABHARATA IS THE WORLD ‘S LARGEST EPIC,HAS ONE LAKH VERSES.THIS DESCRIBES THE WAR BETWEEN KAURAVAS AND PANDAVAS.BESIDES,IT ALSO CONSISTS OF NUMEROUS STORIES.
